Word Choice Cord vs. Chord - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Word Choice Cord versus Harmony Word Choice: Cord versus Harmony Homonyms are words that sound indistinguishable yet vary in significance. As you would have just discovered, these dubious terms can be tricky. Dread not, however! Sealed is here to control you through your jargon based emergencies. Today in our progressing Word Choice arrangement, we tackle â€Å"cord† and â€Å"chord,† which are confusingly comparative even before you get into their tangled historical underpinnings (which, for straightforwardness, we’ll disregard). Line (A String or Rope) The thing â€Å"cord† can mean various things, however the most widely recognized utilizations are to mean â€Å"a length of rope† or â€Å"an electrical cable.† Specifically, the term â€Å"cord† is utilized while portraying adaptable material thicker than a string yet more slender than a rope, or the protected wire associating an electrical gadget to control source: In the wake of wrestling Jeremy to the ground, Matilda hogtied him with a length of line. It was an hour prior Boris understood his PC was feeling the loss of its capacity string. Another regular setting wherein the word â€Å"cord† shows up is medication, where it applies to certain anatomical structures (e.g., â€Å"umbilical cord,† â€Å"vocal cords†). There are a couple of extra definitions as well, for example, an estimation for cut wood or the raised ribs on corduroy pants; these last implications are very particular however, so you most likely don’t need to retain them. Harmony (A Pleasing Musical Arrangement) The word â€Å"chord† is a thing depicting â€Å"three or increasingly melodic tones being played simultaneously.† On guitar, for instance, the harmony C is made out of the notes C, E and G. Thusly, â€Å"chord† is normally found in melodic settings: When I heard the initial harmonies of â€Å"Born to Run,† I was a moment Springsteen fan. Once in a while â€Å"chord† is likewise utilized figuratively, for example, when we state something â€Å"struck a chord† with somebody, which intends to have had an enthusiastic effect or summon a response: Harriet didn’t care for governmental issues, however the legislators discourse said had evoked an emotional response from the entire group. String or Chord? When you comprehend what these words mean, it’s genuinely simple to realize which to use in some random circumstance. Basically ask yourself the accompanying inquiry: Is it true that you are depicting a length of adaptable material or an electrical wire? Or on the other hand an anatomical structure? Provided that this is true, use â€Å"cord.† Is it accurate to say that you are depicting something melodic? Or on the other hand utilizing the expression â€Å"strike a chord†? Provided that this is true, the term you’ll need is â€Å"chord.† Remember these rules to abstain from blending them up in your composed work. Furthermore, to ensure your papers are liberated from this sort of slip-up, you can’t beat according to an expert editor.

Installing Gems from Git Repositories

Introducing Gems from Git Repositories Numerous jewels are facilitated on git vaults, for example, the open archives on Github. Be that as it may, to get the most recent adaptation, frequently there are no jewels worked for you to introduce effortlessly. Introducing from git is very simple however. To begin with, you need to comprehend what git is. Git is the thing that the designers of the library use to follow the source code and to team up. Git isn't a discharge system. Its imperative to take note of that the form of the product you get from git could possibly be steady. It is anything but a discharge form and could contain bugs that will be fixed before the following authority discharge. The primary thing you need to do so as to introduce jewels from git is introduce git. This page of The Git Book discloses how to do this. Its somewhat direct on all stages and once its introduced, you have all that you need. Introducing a jewel from a Git archive will be a 4 stage process. Clone the Git repository.Change to the new directory.Build the gem.Install the jewel. Clone the Git Repository In Git dialect, to clone a git archive is to make a duplicate of it. Would have been making a duplicate of the rspec archive from github. This duplicate will be a full duplicate, the equivalent the engineer will have on their PCs. You can even make changes (however you wont have the option to submit these progressions once more into the archive). The main thing you have to clone a git archive is the clone URL. This is given on the github page to RSpec. The clone URL for RSpec is git://github.com/dchelimsky/rspec.git. Presently just utilize the git clone order gave the clone URL. $ git clone git://github.com/dchelimsky/rspec.git This will clone the RSpec storehouse into an index called rspec. This index ought to consistently be equivalent to the last piece of the clone URL (short the .git part). Change to The New Directory This progression, as well, is extremely direct. Essentially change to the new registry made by Git. $ disc rspec Construct the Gem This progression is more precarious. Pearls are assembled utilizing Rake, utilizing the undertaking called diamond. $ rake diamond It may not be that straightforward however. At the point when you introduce a diamond utilizing the pearl order, quietly out of sight it accomplishes something rather significant: reliance checking. At the point when you issue the rake order, it might return with a mistake message saying it needs another diamond introduced first, or that you have to redesign a jewel previously introduced. Introduce or update this pearl utilizing either the jewel order or by introducing from git. You may need to do this multiple times relying upon what number of conditions the pearl has. Introduce the Gem At the point when the fabricate procedure is finished, you will have another jewel in the pkg catalog. Just give the relative way to this .pearl record to the jewel introduce order. Youll need director benefits to do this on Linux or OSX. $ pearl introduce pkg/gemname-1.23.gem The pearl is presently introduced and can be utilized similarly as some other jewel.

Nursing Diagnosis Essay -- Clinical Reasoning Cycle

J.P., a multi year old female, presents to the Emergency Room on March eighteenth. She has a past clinical history of cervical malignant growth, atheroembolism of the left lower furthest point, fistula of the vagina, fringe vascular ailment, neuropathy, glaucoma, GERD, gloom, hypertension, ceaseless kidney ailment, and sickle cell paleness. She grumbles of right lower furthest point torment joined by weakness, a diminished craving, expanded work of breathing, consuming on pee, and diminished pee yield for three days. On affirmation, a total physical evaluation was performed alongside a blood and metabolic board. The evaluation uncovered numerous positive and negative discoveries. J.P. was certain for dyspnea and a gainful hack. She additionally was certain for dysuria and hematuria, however negative for flank torment. After close assessment of her integumentary and musculoskeletal framework, the inspector found a sparkly firm shin on the correct lower furthest point with +2 edema supplemented by extreme torment. A lot of gauge vitals were likewise performed uncovering a circulatory strain of 124/80, beat of 87 beats for every moment, oxygen immersion of 99%, temperature of 97.3 degrees Fahrenheit, and breath of 12 breaths for every moment. The blood and metabolic board uncovered a few irregular labs. A red platelet check of 3.99, white platelet tally of 22.5, hemoglobin of 10.9, hematocrit of 33.7%, sodium level of 13, potassium level of 3.1, carbon dioxide level of 10, creatinine level of 3.24, glucose level of 200, and a BUN level of 33 were the unusual labs. After a careful assessment, J.P. was determined to have a profound vein apoplexy (DVT). â€Å"DVT grows regularly in the legs yet can happen additionally in the upper arms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2013). Due t... ...analyze that cause physical agony, yet in addition issues that can cause enthusiastic, otherworldly, and psychosocial injury. After the usage of the expressed intercessions, the patient gained physical and enthusiastic ground towards the previously mentioned objectives. The above objectives were met, however surpassed desires for the patient and the medical attendants who gave care. Works Cited Ackley, B. and Ladwig, G. (2010) Nursing analysis handbook:an proof based manual for arranging care. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosbey. Ignatavicius, D. D., and Workman, M. L. (2013). Care of Intraoperative Patients. Clinical careful nursing: persistent focused community care (seventh ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. Taylor, C. (2011). Prologue to Nursing. Basics of nursing: the workmanship and study of nursing care (seventh ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Sexual Assault on College Campuses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rape on College Campuses - Essay Example This case frames some portion of the contention that lies behind such situations where people fundamentally female understudies are explicitly attacked yet they never live to get equity either in light of the fact that the school organization or the disciplinary board baffles their endeavors or potentially the cops who should follow on the equivalent become a wellspring of criticism to the effectively disappointed people. This paper will, in this manner, take a gander at the issue of rape in schools and the job of the organization in taking care of the social bad habit. In tending to the issue, the grounds assume the primary liability in checking the bad habit. Supporters for common freedom hold that the grounds need to set up tough estimates that will prevent people from taking part in the demonstration. Looking for equity is a two-way traffic issue where as much as the school might need to set up the realities and make the guilty parties convey their obligation, it is likewise conceivable that a few understudies may attempt to involve others for offenses they never dedicated. It has just been set up that there are understudies who wound up being removed for offenses they never dedicated. A portion of the measures put by the grounds to address the issue are not for all intents and purposes, for example, pushing for an agreed assent between accomplices at any phase of sex. Most grounds are additionally not prepared to deal with such cases. In a circumstance where a woman has been assaulted, the prompt activity will include a visit to a clinical spec ialist for vaginal swabs to be taken that will most likely guide in a criminological examination. In the event that the underlying faculty that the case is accounted for to flops in mediating for such an activity, almost certainly, the proof will be spoilt and following the case will be vain. The understudies should be educated on the way toward announcing such an event. Most understudies are uninformed of their privileges as well as oblivious of the measures that they should take on the off chance that they fell casualty in such a case.â â

Concept of Unemployment

Question: Compose a paper about the Unemployment. Answer: Idea of Unemployment: Joblessness is portrayed as a circumstance when there is somebody who has a place with the working age gathering and is effectively scanning for an occupation however can't get a new line of work (Leduc and Liu 2012). The term joblessness here and there is utilized as a wellbeing pointer of an economy. Joblessness rate is considered as the most appropriate proportion of joblessness. Joblessness can extensively be partitioned into various classes, for example, request lacking joblessness, auxiliary joblessness, genuine pay caused joblessness, frictional joblessness and willful joblessness (Mankiw 2014). These are clarified individually beneath, Basic Unemployment: Basic Unemployment is considered as one of the significant kinds of joblessness predominant inside a financial structure. It is carefully centered around the auxiliary issues related with an economy and the work showcase wasteful aspects. Basic joblessness is said to happen at whatever point the work showcase is unequipped for giving occupations to every single individual who is looking for business (Tanveer et al. 2012). The confuse between the abilities that are controlled by the jobless specialist and the aptitude prerequisite of the empty position offers ascend to his basic joblessness. So as to give a model, an occasion can be thought of. For example, at whatever point an economy is encountering a drawn out joblessness circumstance, it is very clear that the abilities of the people will get outdated (Kapetanios et al. 2012). In this way, at whatever point the economy recoups from the circumstance the abilities of the work might be unfit for the necessities of the new openings as a result of their drawn out inertia. Frictional Unemployment: Frictional Unemployment is described as another classification of joblessness that can be found in an economy. It is characterized as the time range between livelihoods, that is the point at which the people are scanning for employments or people are inside a changing stage between one occupation to the next. As indicated by Ostry et al. (2012), frictional joblessness is that sort of joblessness, which is constantly present inside an economy somewhat. The befuddle between the laborers and the employments offers ascend to this frictional joblessness. The confuse might be related with installment, work fulfillment, working hours, area and some more. The frictional jobless is dictated by the individual appraisal of the work or administration furnished by the people contrasted and the present pay rate that he people get (Blinder 2013). Recurrent Unemployment: Recurrent joblessness is said to happen when there isn't adequate total interest present inside an economy, which is important to extend employment opportunities to everybody who is searching for enlistment. Inside an economy at whatever point the interest for merchandise fall, creation is diminished and requirement for laborers is decreased (Christiano et al. 2013). Henceforth, when there is patterned joblessness inside an economy amount of jobless specialists is bigger than that of the quantity of enrollment openings. Idea of Inflation: Swelling alludes to circumstance at whatever point there is a persistent ascent in the general degree of cost inside an economy. In this manner, cost rises implies an expansion in the degree of typical cost for basic items. As it were, expansion implies a consistent ascent in the general degree of cost and in this way diminishing the buying intensity of the cash (Campbell et al. 2012). As swelling isn't uniform over the economy during constantly, it very well may be recognized in different kinds. The essential two kinds of swelling are request pull expansion and cost-push expansion. Request Pull swelling: A lift in the degree of aggregate interest over the force of accessible creation offers ascend to an expansion in the cost. This kind of expansion named as the interest pull swelling. As per Treasury (2016), this ascent in the degree of total interest is related with cash flexibly. On the off chance that cash flexibly inside an economy overshoots the measure of accessible merchandise and ventures inside an economy, request pull swelling emerges. As indicated by Gordon (2013), request pull expansion emerges when an excess of cash pursues too barely any merchandise. Figure 1: Structural system of Demand-Pull Inflation (Source: Created by Author) Be that as it may, as indicated by the Keynesian business analysts there might be a self-ruling increment in the degree of total interest or total spending. That is an expansion in the utilization request, level of speculation or government consumption or increment in net fares. In this manner, as per the traditional financial specialists request pull swelling is brought about by fiscal elements while as indicated by the Keynesian business analysts it is brought about by non-money related components (Johnston 2012). The interest pull swelling can be clarified with the assistance of the accompanying chart. In the outline underneath, yield is estimated on the even pivot and value level is portrayed by the vertical hub. In extend 1, the absolute spending is a lot of lower than that of the full business yield, YF. The cost level increments ostensibly or unimportantly (Leduc and Liu 2012). Hence, there is an expansion in the degree of interest yield will rise. Thus, the economy goes into the range 2, in extend 2 yield is about equivalent to the full work condition. From this locale onwards, value level begins to rise. At long last, the full work circumstance is accomplished in go 3, here the cost level increments in any case the way that yield doesn't rise. This circumstance is described as the state of interest pull expansion. Figure 2: Demand Pull Inflation (Source: Created by Author) Cost Push Inflation: A general increment in the expense of creation may offer ascent to expansion and this is prevalently known as the cost-push swelling. The explanations for a lift in the use of creation might be increment in the cost of crude materials, work compensation and so forth. Some of the time worker's organizations are considered answerable for increment in the compensation rate (Watson 2014). At whatever point there is an expansion in the pay rate it is very obvious that the expense of creation will increment and thus cost of the items will increment. On account of cost-push expansion, a pay value winding comes enthusiastically. In any case, firms are additionally accused at this cost ascend simultaneously as these organizations essentially increment cost for raising their net revenues. In this manner, the cost-push expansion has two significant segments, for example, the pay push swelling and benefit push swelling. Figure3: Structural system of Cost-Push Inflation (Source: Created by Author) A.W. Phillips in the year 1958 previously recognized a tradeoff among swelling and joblessness and along these lines figured the popular Phillips Curve. This exchange off is recognized dependent on the basic suspicion that at whatever point there is a fall in the degree of joblessness, laborers become ready to push for expanded compensation rate. Presently, firms attempt to move this expanded compensation cost over the shoppers, offering ascend to an inflationary circumstance inside the economy (Gaertner and Wenig 2012). The exchange off as brought up by Phillips recommends that the policymakers should concentrate on either low expansion rate or lower joblessness, in any case, not both. In this manner, as per Phillips, when joblessness diminishes swelling increment despite what might be expected, when joblessness builds expansion diminishes. The legislature of Singapore assumes a vital job in controlling the short run shakiness caused expansion and joblessness. The idea of Consumer Price Index (CPI) is utilized for estimating expansion. In Singapore, the purchaser value list is included in excess of 6500 brands of merchandise and enterprises that are bought generally by the family units. The parts of customer value list are frequently impacted by the expense related with imported products while then again some different segments are influenced by weight of local cost (Cleaver 2013). The administration of Singapore has received various strides so as to relieve the unfriendly impacts of swelling. The Monetary authority of Singapore has permitted the dollar of Singapore to acknowledge so the economy can adapt up to the expanded costs of imports related with food items and oil. So as to keep the costs of the handled food items in charge, the National Environmental Agency (NEA) has chosen to embrace certain administration mod els that will assist with holding these expenses at a lower level. So as to give model a case can be viewed as, for example, a social helpful like NTUC foodfare had been named for setting up the operability of the new Bukit Panjang Hawker Center on a philanthropic premise (Cleaver 2013). In relationship with this the Retail Price Watch Group (RPWG), leaded by the Senior Minister of State for exchange and Industry and National Development, screens if there is any unnecessary ascent in the value level of any food items or some other essential products. With regards to non arranged food items the Retail Price Watch Group has worked with the stores, retailers, sellers just as different food courts for the advancement of accessibility of less expensive other options. Additionally, the RPMGs individual from general store, for example, the NTUC Fair Price and Sheng Siong have held the lower costs of their home image items for helping the buyers to adapt up to the over the top value rises (Choudhry et al. 2013). Then again, the lodging costs don't contribute in the CPI expansion. It is principally worried about the youthful families those yet don't claim a house. In this setting the Ministry of National Development has received essential strides so as to help the flexibly level of Boost to Order HDB pads alongside the properties worked for private purposes (Choudhry et al. 2013). The sponsorships that are accommodated the HDB pads are checked on all the time so as to guarantee the reasonableness of open lodging and that too particularly for the purchasers who are purchasing a house for the first

Live Simply

Live Simply Joshuas partner, Rebecca Shern, was recently interviewed about nutrition and minimalism by minimalist-filmmaker Matt DAvella on his podcast, the Ground Up Show. You can listen to their in-depth conversation on Apple Podcasts or Spotify, and you can watch the full interview on YouTube: Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Revitalizing Brand Book Report - 1650 Words

Revitalizing Brand (Book Report Sample) Content: Case Study 1: Revitalizing a Brand[Name of the Writer][Name of the Institution]Case Study 1: Revitalizing a BrandIntroductionCustomer service is one the most essential element of the marketing strategies to promote their product or services. The process of improving service quality leads to higher customer loyalty, therefore delivering a basis for a firm as it makes it efforts to attain economies of scale. Plaza Home Health Services is a leader in delivering health care services in Georgetown. Georgetown is located in the West North Central region of the U.S that has a population of 45,857 people. The company was established by two people, Nancy Edwards and Jennifer Moore. They started to start a company that will provide health care services because they observed an enormous growth and opportunity in the health care service sector. At the time of establishing the company, they did not have much capital to start off with.They entered into the business with inadequate cash reserves and this enforced the owners to make some comprises on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s identity. The reason for the tremendous growth at the very early stages of their company was that they put more emphasized on customer satisfaction and service quality. The company believed that by providing above market average compensation and remuneration packages will help the organization to attract the most talented personnel and thus, creating a key competitive advantage. Nancy and Jennifer now attempts to invest the profits that they have made with the success of the company in upgrading, enhancing and repairing their brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s identity that they comprised earlier because of low startup capital.DiscussionMarketing Communication, Identity and Brand PositionMarketing communication relates to the activities that an organization undertakes to communicate to its existing and potential customers of its products and hence creating demand for its products(Darmon, 2007). The current marketing communication of Plaza Home Health Services is still developing as the company is young and trying to establish a strong base in a highly competitive market place. Due to the financial challenges that the company faced during its start-up period, Plaza Home Health Services has not been able to establish viable marketing communication strategies. The current marketing communication is majorly through the use of business cards, word of mouth from satisfied customers as well as personal contacts of the business owners who have experience in the industry One of the best marketing strategy and communication the company adopted is its emphasis on quality by employing personnel who are well experienced in the delivery of home health services (Armstrong Cunningham, 2013). Although customers easily identify with the quality of the services offered by the company, the brand identity and position requires more resources as well as rebranding to create a long lasting brand which clie nts will be able to easily identify and recognize. The company attempts to develop a unique brand identity by introducing a new logo that will reflect the business values and principles. Furthermore, by creating this new identity, the clients of the company will be able to differentiate the products of the Plaza Home Health Services from other players present in the industry.S.W.O.T AnalysisStrengthsPlaza Home Health Services is governed by two experienced nurses, Jennifer and Nancy, who had previously served in other hospitals in Georgetown. These two experienced co-owners have thorough knowledge about the health industry dynamics and marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s needs. Nancy and Jenniferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s experience in the health care industry have provided them to understand customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s needs and wants as well as how one can offer high quality services. In the health care facility, the success of the company depends upon the level of quality service they provide(Venkatesh, 2012). Th at being said, employing caregivers who understand the requirement of their patients assist in promoting the brand of the company in the market.The main strength of the Plaza Home Health Services is its focus on quality service to its patients. The company concentrates on excellence in knowledge, expertise, technology and compassionate staff. The factors that are measured for maintaining the quality comprises of quick customer service, incorporating the right medical procedures and record of clientele. Apart from that, the firm also makes use of patient scheduling system that helps to assign the patients to relevant physicians and organizing their time. The health care sector is not much saturated with many caregivers competing for a market share. The company has demonstrated outstanding performance in just one year, so much so that it enjoys a market share greater than its close rivals. The success of the company can be linked to the business style implemented by its owners, who ha ve past experience in other health care firms in the locality.WeaknessesThere is more need of improvement for the firm, despite that Plaza Home Health Services operating a high quality care system. Modern practices should be adopted by the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s current communication system and needs further improvement. The firm currently does not have a creative logo that set it apart from its competitors. At the moment, the company utilizes its full name for its logo and this significantly impacts its brand perception. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s logo is not much attractive and strong. The logo of the company does not reflect the true brand values and one that can be complimented to its brand name (Fortenberry, 2010). The lack of distinct, versatile and unique logo can make the brand relatively weak.Another drawback of the company is that they hire people possessing common background, thus it hampers diversity within the workplace environment. Diversity in the organization is essential be cause it promotes new ideas and bring unique experiences to the table in groups and work teams (Mukherjee, 2013). When managed properly, diversity in the workplace can leverage the strengths and complement the weakness of each other in order to increase the overall workforce productivity.OpportunitiesPlaza Home Health Services can make use of various marketing strategies to increase its revenues. The company requires establishing new marketing strategies for the purpose to expand its market share (Darmon, 2007). It has enough resources to fund its growth activities and broaden its scope. Moreover, it can utilize its business model to enhance its market share in a market with relatively few key competitors. It can leverage from vast media and other promotional strategies to increase awareness about the brand as the company is only 1 year old, so many people might not be aware about the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s quality services.ThreatsThe company has decided to make major changes in its b rand logo, hence the company can face a risk of losing its goodwill among its consumers provided that if customers are not satisfied with the intended changes made in the brand logo. Furthermore, by increasing the number ofcaregivers, it will increase the wage expenses and fixed costs, ultimately putting a dent into the revenues (Armstrong Cunningham, 2013) There are major competitors in this market and the threat is even high for the firm because its lacks visibility in terms of its brand identity.Importance of BenchmarkingBenchmarking a brand consist of designing the logo of the company and bringing rules to reproduce the brand. In the viewpoint of Kotler Cunningham (2013), benchmarking occurs when a company make it efforts to enhance its position in the market by comparing its own performance with the performance of its competitors (Armstrong Cunningham, 2013). Establishing a corporate identity includes more than just having a logotype, merely creating a logo is not enough for the business. It comprises of va...

Pre Fabrication Technology In Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 743 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Introduction Construction industry plays an important role in Malaysias economy. Therefore, it is important to introduce more advance or new technologies from overseas to our country in order to growth the economy. Pre-fabrication technology is a new construction method in construction industry. This technology has been widely used in many countries due to many pros it has over the traditional construction methods, which is cast in-situ method. Pre-fabrication is the assembling components making in a factory or manufacturing before deliver those components to the construction site. After completed the selected components on factory or manufacturing, those components will transport to the construction site where the structure is to be located. On the other hand, for conventional construction method, which is cast in-situ, is transporting those selected materials like cement, sand, aggregate, brick, etc from factory or manufacturing to the construction site. Then the assembly only will carry out on site after those materials have delivered to site. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pre Fabrication Technology In Malaysia" essay for you Create order Industrialised Building System (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"IBS) is a technique of construction, which introduced by Construction Industry Development Board (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"CIDB) was succeed and applied the pre-fabricated technology into the construction industry in Malaysia. IBS is define as a construction system in which components are manufactured in a factory, on or off site, positioned and assembled into structure with minimal additional site work (CIDB, 2003). The first IBS project was a 7 blocks of 17 storeys flats, which involved 3000 units of low-cost flat and 40 units of shop lot along Jalan Pekeliling in the late 1960s. In addition, there have some of the projects been satisfied completed by used of IBS components such as campus building, apartment, residential, office, hospital, etc. 1.2 Problem Statement Pre-fabrication technology has become more and more famous and popular in Malaysias construction industry recently. This is due to the technology has many benefits over the traditional construction methods which is cast in-situ technology. However, it also contains some weaknesses for pre-fabrication technology. For example, the transportation costs may be very expensive to deliver the complete components to the construction site. Not only that, the maintenance cost and repairing cost is higher depend to the cast in-situ method. Therefore, for long term buildings are not suitable to construct by using pre-fabrication technology. 1.3 Aim The aim of this research is to compare the construction speed for typical wall element between pre-fabrication technology and conventional construction method, which is cast in-situ. 1.4 Objectives To define Industrialised Building System (IBS) There have some of the projects been satisfied completed by IBS of using pre-fabricated components such as campus building, apartment, residential, office, hospital, etc. To compare the advantages and disadvantages of using pre-fabrication technology and cast in-situ in construction industry Although pre-fabrication can save more construction costs and decrease construction period, but the demand of using this technology are still very low in Malaysia. To compare the construction speed by using pre-fabrication technology and cast in-situ in typical wall element In practically, the construction period of a project can take few years to complete. By using pre-fabrication technology, the construction period can be decrease, which compare with traditional construction method. 1.5 Hypothesis By using pre-fabrication technology is cheaper and efficiency than traditional method, which is cast in-situ technology. 1.6 Research Methodology There have three different types of research studies relating to the pre-fabrication and cast in-situ technology have carried out to fulfill this dissertation. They are literature review, questionnaire and case study. 1.6.1 Literature Review The study undertakes a comprehensive review of the relevant literature on the subject of pre-fabrication and cast in-situ technology. The resources for literature are from books, magazines, journal and articles, which available from library and internet research. 1.6.2 Questionnaire This stage involved preparing and sending out the questionnaire to number of Construction Company in Malaysia. The questions are mainly asking about the actual construction speed by using pre-fabrication technology in Malaysia. 1.6.3 Case Study Few case studies for pre-fabrication technology in Malaysia will be carrying out for this research, either in supplier and/or in construction. Through these case studies, the problems, benefits and cost for pre-fabrication technology in actual construction industry can defined. 1.7 Scope of Study The scope of study for this research included to define the background of the IBS system as well as the previous projects done by IBS system with satisfied completed in Malaysia. Besides, research on the advantages and disadvantages of the pre-fabrication and cast in-situ methods. In addition, it will cover the construction speed for actual construction projects, mainly in Malaysia.

Miley Cyrus s Influence On The Media Essay - 1660 Words

Through Miley Cyrus’s years on her hit sitcom her brand identity and start text were made. Her original star text was known a young sweet innocent teenage girl that believed in love. As Miley and her audience matured she began to revolutionize her image by creating herself a new star text that was the polar opposite of her previous. Her new star text was completely self and media driven. Now her current start text identifies with heartbreak, drugs, activism and nonconformity. The extreme change of start text shocked and dismayed individuals. Many social media users and celebrity journalist wrote the transformation of, implying it as a lost girl in her twenties making mistakes she will eventually regret. Despite the negative comments she has embraced her star text using it for free publicity and media attention. Miley Cyrus purposefully modified her star text in order to make it in the music industry, she targeted a new market and generation using her controversial change, b oosting her self-success, making her one of the greatest known evolved celebrities to a mass media level. To illustrate, many still remember Miley Cyrus as the sweet pop-star and down to earth character from her role as Hannah Montana on Disney Channel. At some point many fans believed that the personality of Miley Cyrus corresponded to her role on Hannah Montana. In her honest interviews and real encounters with fans, people connected with her innocence and deemed her as a suitable role model for girlsShow MoreRelatedCyrus s Role Of Disney Channels Hannah Montana1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years Miley Cyrus has become notorious for outlandish, provocative, and often times unsettling performances. Miley Cyrus, the daughter of country singer Billy Ray Cyrus rose to stardom in 2006 when she was the lead role of Disney Channels Hannah Montana. Cyrus appeared to be a wholesome teen with a squeaky clean image until September 2012. Cyrus debuted short, platinum blonde hair at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards. Additionally, she emerged with a considerably new edgy look wearing anRead Mo reThe Greatest Successful Child Stars Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Even though HM [Hannah Montana] is chopped up into little tiny pieces and buried in my backyard she will always hold a very special place in my heart!† Miley Cyrus captioned on Instagram for the tenth anniversary of the TV show that made her one of the most successful child stars in recent history. A product of Disney, Cyrus would not also be one of the most popular current celebrities if she had not drastically altered her star text to stay relevant. 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What Is Personal Branding And How Effective It Can Be For...

â€Å"Define what your brand stands for, its core values and tone of voice, and then communicate consistently in those terms† (Mainwaring, n.d.). Personal branding is the message you intend to send to others that is a reflection of you, your values, and what you stand for. Branding yourself is vital in the business world today considering it can help you with, better opportunity discovery, better networking career advancement, and better success. It can also develop and define you as a leader. From â€Å"actors, musicians, athletes and models, the famous and near famous are all competing for market position in popular culture. Like products, celebrities even rename themselves to craft a brand identity† (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, 2016). 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An Analysis of the Poem Novel by Arthur Rimbaud

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Heat Capacity Ratio of Gases Free Essays

Experiment 1 The Heat Capacity Ratio of Gases Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the heat capacity ratio of gases, Helium, Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide, and compare with their theoretical values. Introduction Thermodynamics is the study of heat as it relates to energy and work. There are various properties which all relate to each other when determining the characteristic of a certain substance. We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Capacity Ratio of Gases or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of such properties is heat capacity, which is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Kelvin. Mathematically, it is ? = q? T , where q is the amount of heat absorbed by a substance and ? T is the change in temperature measured. When substances absorb heat, their molecules translate, rotate and vibrate due to the rise in temperature . As a result of the motion of movement of molecules in these modes, there is a contribution of energy towards determining the heat capacity of that substance. The heat capacity is, however, defined through constant volume (Cv) or constant pressure (Cp) with a relationship, Cp = Cv + nR and CpCv , the heat capacity ratio for ideal gases which is further determined by obtaining the pressure difference with atomospheric pressure in adiabatic conditions. That is lnp1-lnp2lnp1-lnp3. The energy contribution through the modes of movement of molecules is the total of their, translational, rotational and vibrational energies. For ideal gases, this can be calculated theoretically as a result of their classes, Monatomic, Diatomic and Linear polyatomic. Monatomic gases such as Helium, move in translation with the energy 32RT. Diatomic gases such as Nitrogen, move in all 3 modes with the energy 72RT. And the linear polyatomic gases such as CO2 move with the energy 132RT. The constant volume heat capacity for these ideal gases can be determined as a result of its relationship with these energies as the energy U = nRT and Cv is the derivative with respect to volume. i. e Cv = ? U? Tv . This leads to the following Cv for the 3 classes of gases; 12. 5 Jmol*K for monatomic, 29. 1 Jmol*K for diatomic, and 54. 0 Jmol*K for linear polyatomic. Data Room Temperature = 16. 2 oC  ± 0. oC p2 = Room Pressure Room Pressure = 760. 84 mmHg  ± 0. 22 mmHg Helium Trial| P1 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| P3 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| 1| 300. 4| 75. 6| 2| 275. 7| 69. 0| 3| 281. 9| 74. 8| Carbon Dioxide Trial| P1 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| P3 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| 1| 290. 3| 34. 1| 2| 277. 8| 25. 3| 3| 283. 1| 40. 1| The values for Helium and Carbon dioxide were gotten from the other group who performed the experiment. Nitrogen Trial| P1 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| P3 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| 1| 278. 7| 63. 7| 2| 286. 6| 89. 7| 3| 270. 5| 58. 9| 4| 294. 2| 85. 0| 5| 285. 5| 89. 7| 6| 291. 4| 70. 0| 7| 268. 1| 54. 1| 8| 289. 0| 64. 8| 9| 281. 5| 65. 8| 10| 265. 3| 59. 7| Values in bold are the 3 best trial obtained. Answers to Questions 1) C, mathematical defined as C = q? T , is the heat capacity, the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Kelvin. Cv, is the heat capacity per unit volume while, Cp , is the heat capacity per unit pressure. Both are related mathematically by the equation Cp = Cv + nR. The expected heat capacity for the three classes of gases are as follows Monatomic = 3R2=12. 5 Jmol. K Diatomic = 7R2=29. 1 Jmol. K Linear triatomic = 13R2=54. 0 Jmol. K The equations leading to the heat capacity ratio, ? , is summarized by CpCv= ln(p1p2)ln? p1p3) The vibrational contribution to Cv can be determined once the vibrational frequencies of the molecule is known. That is Rx2e-x where is x5 . x = (NA hRT)v Where NA = Avogadro’s number, h = Planck’s constant and v = vibration frequency. 2) Data obtained in the experiment is presented in the data section above. 3) Sample error calculation 2300. 42*0. 32+760. 842*0. 222 =817. 9962127 2817. 99621271061. 242+0. 22760. 842 = 0. 770793 275. 62*0. 32+760. 842*0. 222 =168. 9143383 2817. 99621271061. 242+168. 9143383836. 442 = 0. 79681 0. 7707931. 39482677 = 0. 55261 0. 796811. 26875807 = 0. 6280336 20. 552610. 327702282+0. 62803361. 268758072 = 3. 12 This was applied to calculate all errors in the heat capacity ratios below. Helium Trial| ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3)| Error| 1| ln(300. 4+760. 84760. 84)ln? (300. 4+760. 8475. 6+760. 84) = 1. 40|  ± 3. 12| 2| ln(275. 7+760. 84760. 84)ln? (275. 7+760. 8469. 0+760. 84) = 1. 39|  ± 3. 12| 3| ln(281. 9+760. 84760. 84)ln? (281. 9+760. 8474. 8+760. 84) = 1. 43|  ± 3. 12| Carbon Dioxide Trial| ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3)| Error| 1| ln(290. 3+760. 84760. 84)ln? (290. 3+760. 8434. 1+760. 84) = 1. 16|  ±3. 08| 2| ln(277. 8+760. 84760. 84)ln? (277. 8+760. 8425. 3+760. 84) = 1. 12|  ± 3. 07| 3| ln(283. +760. 84760. 84)ln? (283. 1+760. 8440. 1+760. 84) = 1. 19|  ±3. 08| Nitrogen Trial| ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3)| Error| 1| ln(278. 7+760. 84760. 84)ln? (278. 7+760. 8463. 7+760. 84) = 1. 35|  ± 3. 11| 2| ln(289. 0+760. 84760. 84)ln? (289. 0+760. 8464. 8+760. 84) = 1. 34|  ± 3. 11| 3| ln(265. 3+760. 84760. 84)ln? (265. 3+760. 8459. 7+760. 84) = 1. 34|  ± 3. 11| 4) Theoretical Cv for CO2 Translation = 3R2 = 3*8. 3142 = 12. 471 Jmol*K Rotational =22 R = 8. 314 Jmol*K Vibrational v1 = 4. 02 x 1013 s x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*2984. 02 x 1013 = 6. 48 Therefore contribution = 8. 314(6. 48)2 * e-6. 48 =0. 54 Jmol*K 3 = 7. 05 x 1013 s x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*298 7. 05 x 1013 = 11. 36 therefore contribution = 8. 314(11. 36)2 * e-11. 36 = 0. 013 Jmol*K v2 = v4 = 2. 00 x 1013 x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*298 2. 00 x 1013 = 3. 22 This is less than 5. therefore contribution = 8. 314* 3. 222 *e3. 22e3. 22 -12 = 3. 74 Jmol*K Cv for CO2 = 12. 471 +8. 314 +0. 54 +0. 013 + 2(3. 74) = 28. 818 = 29. 0 Jmol*K 5) Cp,m = Cv,m + R so Cv,m = RCp,mCv,m- 1 Average experimental ? CO2 = 1. 16+1. 12+1. 193 = 1. 16 Therefore Experimental Cv,m = 8. 3141. 16 – 1 = 51. 96 = 52. 0 JK While Theoretical Cv,m = 8. 141. 29-1 = 28. 67 = 29. 0 JK Percentage error = 29 -5229*100 = 79% 6) Experimental ratio were precise but not accurate to the theoretical values as calculated Gas| Average ratio| Percentage error (%)| Helium| 1. 40+1. 39+1. 433 = 1. 41| 1. 67-1. 411. 67*100 = 15. 57| Nitrogen| 1. 34+1. 34+1. 353 = 1. 34| 1. 40-1. 341. 40*100 = 4. 29| Carbon dioxide| 1. 16+1. 12+1. 193 =1. 16| 1. 29-1. 161. 29*100 = 10. 08| Sources of experimental errors would include; leakage through the hose connecting the gas cylinder to the adiabatic vessel and the speed with which the brass cover plate is replaced after the gas expansion. The vibrational contribution to Cv is very much dependent on the temperature. At low temperature, the contribution is zero. As the temperature increases, the lowest vibrational energy is comparable to RT and therefore some contribution to the constant volume heat capacity. While at high temperatures the contribution is at its highest. Conclusion The experiment was successful as the heat capacity ratios were achieved to minimal errors from the theoretical values. Reference 1. Thomas Engel, Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2010, pg 21-22, 806 – 807. 2. Lab manual for Chem 2103, experiment 1. 3. Tip for Experiment 1 on CUlearn. How to cite Heat Capacity Ratio of Gases, Essay examples

Maintain Work Life Balance Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Maintain Work Life Balance. Answer: Maintain work life balance It is very essential to maintain proper work life balance, so that the work can be conducted in an effective manner. The work life balance can be managed in following ways: To create proper schedule: To maintain proper work life balance it is important to create proper schedule so that the activities can be managed effectively. Proper chart should be made in which the timings should be written to conduct the activities, so that everything can be managed effectively and with proper management. Give priority to the time: The task or the activities should be divided into four categories like urgent and important, important but not urgent, urgent but not important and also not important. It will help to analyze conduct the activities in an effective manner and no activity will be missed (Jones, Burke Westman, 2013). Be realistic: it is an important factor that should be considered to manage the work life balance. At the end of the day self-analysis should be done. Questions should be asked to yourself about the activities that are conducted and also what went wrong and how the issues can be resolved. Be positive, the behavior should be positive so that the activities can be managed effectively. The individual should be positive so that the activities can be enhanced in proper manner. If negativity is possessed by the individual then it can give direct impact on the lifestyle of the person (Isaacs, 2016). Take a break: it is important to take proper time out of the busy schedule for yourself. There are many tasks that are easier than others, so complete the task on time by taking proper time. If break is not taken from the busy schedule then it can give negative impact on the activities that are conducted. So proper management should be there of the activities, so that work life balance can be maintained. Also make a point to get up and stretch in every 15 minutes. It will help to become more focused and more productive (Perrons, 2017). Meditation: Proper meditation should be done on daily basis. It helps to gain positive energy and also motivates to conduct the activities in a proper manner. It is one of the best methods that help to keep proper work life balance. It also makes the person positive towards the work. It also helps to reduce the negativity from the individual; it only enhances the positivity in an individual. It helps to enhance the capability of the individual to conduct the activities. If the individual regularly do meditation then productivity and working speed can be increased. It makes the individual fresh and smart. Focus on the strength: The focus should be given on the strengths, so that the activities can be conducted with confidence and also it makes the work more productive. If the individual possess strength then it should be shown and utilized in every phase of the life, so that the success can be attained in an effective manner (Wiese, 2015). References Isaacs, D. (2016). Work?life balance.Journal of paediatrics and child health,52(1), 5-6. Jones, F., Burke, R. J., Westman, M. (Eds.). (2013).Work-life balance: A psychological perspective. Psychology Press. Perrons, D. (2017). WorkLife Balance.The International Encyclopedia of Geography. Wiese, B. S. (2015). Work-life-balance. InWirtschaftspsychologie(pp. 227-244). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

The Supreme Court ruling on same-sex marriage came Essays - Case Law

The Supreme Court ruling on same-sex marriage came to a victory by a 5-to-4 vote in which the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Many Americans were very excited with this movement while others opposed it. According to Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, he believed that "No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice and family. In forming a martial union, two people become something greater than once they were." Also that marriage is a "keystone of our social order." It is easy to say that everyone who supports same-sex marriage agrees with these opinions made by Kennedy. On the other hand, many Americans despised the idea of same-sex marriage becoming a right for a multiple of reasons. Many non-supporters believe that marriage has always been a covenant between a man and a woman, which is by its nature ordered toward the procreation and education of children. Furthermore, it imposes its acceptance on al l of society, it defeats the state's purpose of benefiting marriage, it turns a moral wrong into a civil right, it violates natural law, and most importantly, it offends God. It is said that whenever one violates the natural moral order established by God, one sins and offends God. Same-sex marriage does just this. Accordingly, anyone who professes to love God must be opposed to it. In the end, though everyone has their own beliefs and values in what they agree and don't agree with, I will say that for those who oppose same-sex marriage do have more to protect their mindset with due to the fact that not even religion (God) accepts the idea of same-sex relationships as a whole. Gay marriage has become a major matter of political controversy in recent years. Reasoning as to why same-sex couples received constitutional protection only recently is because according to the 14th amendment, they have the constitutionally protected right to marry. Kennedy had said that the due process clause of the 14th amendment extends to "certain personal choices central to individual dignity and autonomy, including intimate choices that define personal identity and beliefs." He claimed that "the generations that wrote and ratified the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment did no presume to know the extent of freedom in all of its dimensions, and so they entrusted to future generations a charter protecting the right of all persons to enjoy liberty as we learn its meaning." Chief Justice John Roberts argued that the issue was not within the courts realm to decide. "This Court is not a legislature," Roberts wrote, calling the majority's decision "an act of will, not legal judgment." "Whether same-sex marriage is a good idea should be no concern to us. Under the Constitution, judges have power to say what the law is, not what it should be." The Supreme Court ruling continues to be contested because of the idea of whether or not married gay city employees must be given spousal benefits. A lot of taxpayers do not agree with the extension of spousal benefits to partners in same-sex marriages. They are arguing that legally recognizing a same-sex couple doesn't necessarily mean that they have to extend the same employee benefits as they do to heterosexual married couples: "No city employee- whether heterosexual or homosexual- has a fundamental right' to receive employee benefits for his or her spouse. It is perfectly constitutional for the government to offer benefits or subsides to some married couples while withholding those benefits from others." The U.S Supreme Court says that gay people have a fundamental right to marry but no right to equal benefits. Gay couples expect to have the same legal consequences that straight couples have. Discrimination against gay people just because they are gay is a violation of eq ual protection.

Diversity of People and Culture in Belize essays

Diversity of People and Culture in Belize essays The diversity found in the people of Belize today act as a link to the countrys history. During the last three thousand years Belize has endured many face lifts that makes Belize what it is today. Rich in several different cultures, languages, and history, Belize is truly a melting pot of culture on the Caribbean. The Mayans was an ancient Native American civilization in the region that is now eastern and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and western Honduras. During the peak of their civilization between 250 B.C. and 900 A.D., the Maya built massive stone pyramids, temples, and sculptures, as well as achievements in mathematics, astronomy, and a complex system of symbols similar to that of Egyptian hieroglyphs. They developed a calendar system similar, but yet more precise than the one we use today. Its actually based on two calendars going simultaneously. One was the astronomical calendar that was comprised of eight-teen months in a year with each month having twenty days, all adding up to 360 days and an additional five days that were thought of being bad luck. The other was a sacred calendar based on twenty named days whose year was only 260 days. Every fifty-two years the two calendars meet at the same exact time, and this would be a very significant holiday for the M aya (Walker, 2004). At around 900 A.D., the Maya civilization suddenly and mysteriously started to decline, leaving only the remnants of the powerhouse they once were. They later reappeared in the north on the Yucatan Peninsula and continued to dominate the area until the Spanish conquest. A number of factors could contribute for the fall of the Maya, among some factors that have been suggested are natural disasters, disease, soil exhaustion due to slash and burn farming, or other agricultural problems. Social factors such as peasant revolts, internal warfare, and foreign invasions have been just a few that have been discussed ...

Everything You Need to Know About the Word Century

Everything You Need to Know About the Word Century Everything You Need to Know about the Word â€Å"Century† Back in Ancient Rome, the Latin word centuria meant â€Å"group of one hundred.† It was applied to everything from agricultural land division to soldiery (hence â€Å"centurions†). But nowadays, â€Å"century† has a more specific meaning: a period of one hundred years. Here, we will focus on this last meaning, as this term is common in many academic disciplines. As such, when discussing past events, it’s important to know how to use it correctly. Century in Words and Numbers Centuries can be written out either with words (â€Å"nineteenth century†) or numerals (â€Å"19th century†). In academic writing, however, it’s usually better to use the full version: Communication changed hugely in the twentieth century. – Correct Communication changed hugely in the 20th century. – Incorrect It’s always worth checking your style guide, though, as some conventions differ. Associated Press, for example, recommends using figures when referring to any century after the tenth. Fin de Sià ¨cle A common mistake when writing about the past is to conflate the numerical version of a year with the century in which it falls. In actuality, the number applies to all years up to the end of a century, not the first two digits of the year in figures. The seventeenth century, for instance, began on January 1, 1601 and ended on December 31, 1700. As such, when referring to the year 1618, it’s important to remember that it was part of the seventeenth century, rather than the sixteenth: Beginning in 1618, the Thirty Years’ War left a scar on the seventeenth century. – Correct Beginning in 1618, the Thirty Years’ War left a scar on the sixteenth century. – Incorrect To avoid this mistake, keep in mind that the number refers to the end of the century (e.g. 1800 or 1900) and covers the preceding hundred years. To Capitalize or Not? It’s not uncommon for people to capitalize centuries: e.g., â€Å"Fourteenth Century† rather than â€Å"fourteenth century.† However, this is incorrect, since â€Å"century† is a measure of time, like â€Å"week† or â€Å"month,† not a proper noun. When to Hyphenate The final thing to remember with centuries is when to hyphenate. The rule here is the same as when using hyphens elsewhere, so it depends on whether you’re using the term adjectivally. For example, if you’re describing a digital wrist watch, you might describe it as â€Å"twentieth-century technology.† Here, the century is hyphenated because it is being used as a compound adjective modifying the word â€Å"technology.†

Company Performance Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Company Performance Critical Analysis - Essay Example The company focuses on developing sustainable energy future for the consumers, community and investors by exploring the suite of reduced emission and renewable energy creation opportunities (AGL Energy Limited, 2014). This document gives a two-year analysis of the financial report for AGL Company for the year ended 30th June 2013 and 2014 in order to examine the company’s performance for the period. The financial report of the company provides the shareholders and other stakeholders with information on social, environmental, governance, risk issues affecting the company as well as the financial performance during the respective years. AGL is the consolidated entity with four reportable functional sections, and the results of each section are reported according to the reporting structure of the internal management during the reporting period (AGL, 2014). The four operational sections include Merchant energy, retail energy, upstream gas and energy investments. Merchant Energy develops, operates and sustains assets for power generation. Also, they manage risks related to obtaining and distributing natural gas and electricity to its retail and wholesale clients. Merchant Energy distributes natural gas and electricity to consumers and offers energy efficiency and carbon management services (AGL, 2014). Retail Energy segment sells natural gas, electricity and products and services associated with energy to residents and small scale business clients. Upstream Gas section deals with the exploration of gas, development and production of tenements and facilities for storing gasses (AGL, 2014). Energy Investments consist of Diamantina Holding Company Pty Limited and equity accounted investments in the ActewAGL Retail Partnership. It owns the Loy Yang power station and the nearby coal mine that is currently reported in the Merchant Energy operating segment (AGL Energy Limited, 2014). In the year ended June 30th, 2011 AGL company

Siemenss knowledge management strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Siemenss knowledge management strategy - Essay Example This essay discusses that the ability of the government to protect and make effective use of the intellectual capital of the workforce declines with an increase of the retirement rate among the federal workforce. The agency loses its timely decision making ability with the lack of critical knowledge. Where there is lack of knowledge management, agencies are neither able to execute their projects in a timely manner nor they able to complete the project within the estimated cost. Having assessed this dilemma, a representative of the Aberdeen Group said, â€Å"Knowledge workers today are losing productivity in an endless search for information they know resides in the organization but is not easily accessible†. One way for an agency to spread the critical knowledge of program to a wide range of stakeholders is by implementing an effective knowledge framework along with an enterprise-wide strategy of knowledge management. Teams benefit from this flexibility by gaining a way to com prehend the effects as well as interdependencies of the constantly changing environments along the project’s life. The data an agency has at a certain point in time is nothing more than mere representation of the temporal circumstances. There needs to be an appropriate knowledge management strategy in place to understand the relation of the data with different variables and to use it in the decision making process. The knowledge management strategy enables the workers to use the knowledge in the decision making process as they are able to completely understand different aspects of the knowledge. This paper looks into the knowledge management strategies implemented by the Siemens Company. Literature Review The Frid’s Knowledge Management Model Various strategies and models have been conventionally proposed for knowledge management. One of such models is the Frid’s Knowledge Management Model. The Frid’s Knowledge Management Model divides the assessment leve ls of knowledge management maturity into five levels. These five levels are â€Å"knowledge chaotic, knowledge aware, knowledge focused, knowledge managed, and knowledge centric† (Haslinda and Sarinah, 2009, p. 195). The first level proposes that organizations tend to comprehend and implement the Frid framework of knowledge management by working upon the vision, objectives, and indices of knowledge management. In order to optimize on their potential of knowledge management, organizations tend to advocate and adapt the departmental vision of knowledge management. The second level of knowledge awareness considers organizations to be at a higher step than the ones at knowledge chaotic. At this point, organizations need to focus on the development on a road map of knowledge management and a collaborative working with the office of knowledge management. The third level requires organizations to cover the aspects of implantation just like in the lower two levels. At this level, org anizations need to integrate the knowledge management into the process engineering, develop initial infrastructure of service, training and knowledge management, and make the budgets inclusive of knowledge management. â€Å"[T]he fourth level termed as knowledge managed adopt the fundamental activities suggested in level one, two and three other than organizations should attempt to embed knowledge management in performance reviews and also in business plans apart† (Haslinda and Sarinah, 2009, p. 193). Knowledge centric is the highest level of the implementation maturity of knowledge mana

Application Of Islamic Microfinance In Poverty Alleviation Economics Essay

Application Of Islamic Microfinance In Poverty Alleviation Economics Essay Poverty is one of the fundamental problems in developing countries. It is estimated that around 80 percent of the worlds population is living in countries where income distribution gap is widening. Poverty rate is quite high in all Muslim countries except a few countries in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Poverty levels have also been associated with high inequality alongside low productivity. Half of the Indonesia population (about 129 million) is living below the poverty line of $2 a day. While in South Asia two largest Muslim states Bangladesh and Pakistan alone account for 122 million each living below the poverty line where as 100 million Muslims of India is also living below the poverty line. (Source: Islamic Microfinance Development: Challenges and Initiatives, IRTI website, 2007) Microfinance is a part of financial services which includes not only credit facility but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers to facilitate low-income people. The World Bank estimates that there are over 7,000 microfinance institutions; serving some 16 million poor people in developing countries. The total cash turnover of MFIs world-wide is estimated at $2.5 billion and the potential for new growth is outstanding. (Source: Micro facts: Data Snapshots of Microcredit, Global Development Research Centre website, 2008-2009) The Microcredit Summit estimates that $21.6 billion is needed to provide microfinance to 100 million of the worlds poorest families. The Summit planners said it should be possible to raise US$2 billion from borrowers savings alone and the final figure may be even higher. (Source: Micro facts: Data Snapshots of Microcredit, Global Development Research Centre website, 2008-2009) Fewer than 10 million out of the 500 million people who run micro and small enterprises have access to financial support for their business and fewer than 2% of the poor people have access to financial services (credit and savings) from sources other than lenders. (Source: MICROFACTS: Data Snapshots of Microcredit, Global Development Research Centre website, 2008-2009) The supporters of microfinance believed that it will help in reducing poverty and the concept became more popular in 1974 when famine struck Bangladesh. At the time, Dr. Muhammad Yunus was a professor of economics at the University of Chittagong. He subsequently started Grameen Bank which has been a wonderful success with more than 90 percent recovery rate. (Source: Short history of Grameen Bank, Grameen Bank website, 2010) Studies have also shown that during an eight year period, among the poorest Bangladesh with no credit service of any type, only 4 % pulled themselves above. But with only individuals and families with credit from Grameen Bank, more than 48% rose above the poverty line. (Source: MICROFACTS: Data Snapshots of Microcredit, Global Development Research Centre website, 2008-2009) In Pakistan there are 25 Microfinance institutions with the total deposit of $52.3 million which covers 1.83 million of population out of total population of 174 million (Fehmeen, 2010). Pakistan is ranked 6th in terms of population with the labor force of 53.78 million as estimated for 2009. (Source: CIA world Fact book, Central Intelligence Agency website, no date) Figure 1: Unmet Demand for Microfinance in Pakistan from 2008-2009 Source: Microfinance Hub Website From the statistical figures of 2008-2009; it can be said that the population below the poverty line is 29,928,000 million which represents 17.2 % of the total population and the unemployed population is 26,448,000 which means 15.2% of the total population; that sums up to 32.4% out of the total population of Pakistan. These people need microfinance support to improve their living standard because the people living below the poverty line are not even able to get basic necessities of life (Fehmeen, 2010). In this regard, the Financial Inclusion Program (FIP) has been implemented by SBP with support of the UK Department for International Development (DFID), which aims to transform the financial market with a clear objective to provide equitable and efficient market-based financial services to the otherwise excluded poor and marginalized population including women and young people. FIP has developed an evidence based policy and a realistic target of reaching out to three million microfinance users by the end of 2010. (Source: Financial Inclusion Program, SBP, no date) Some facts about the outreach of Islamic Microfinance in different countries are mentioned in the Table 1. Region No. of Included Institutions % of Female clients (Avg.) Total no. of Clients Total Outstanding Loan Portfolio (US$) Avg. Loan Balance (US$) Afghanistan 4 22 53,011 10,347,029 162 Bahrain 1 N/A 323 96,565 299 Bangladesh 2 90 111,837 34,490,490 280 Indonesia 105 60 74,698 122,480,000 1,640 Jordon 1 80 1,481 1,619,909 1,094 Lebanon 1 50 26,000 22,500,000 865 Pakistan 1 40 6,069 746,904 123 West Bank and Gaza 1 100 132 145,485 1102 Saudi Arabia 1 86 7,000 586,667 84 Sudan 3 65 9,561 1,891,819 171 Syria 1 45 2,298 1,838,047 800 Yemen 3 58 7,031 840,240 146 Total 63 299,441 197,583,155 564Table 1: Outreach of Islamic Micro Finance by Country Source: CGAP Survey, 2007 Islamic finance is still in its introductory phase, but it has achieved double digit growth both in Pakistan and around the world. Some of the well known Islamic finance instruments are Murabaha (Sale Contract), Musharakah (Equity Participation), Mudarabah (Partnership), Ijarah (Lease Financing), Bay Muajjal (sale on Credit or deferred payment sale), Bay Salam (Deferred Delivery Sale) etc. 1.2 Problem Statement Interest based micro lending carries high interest rates and is impermissible in Islam; hence, this study strives to analyze how the mix of debt and equity based Islamic finance contracts be used in providing Islamic micro financial services in Pakistan which has more than one quarter people living below the poverty line and huge rural population. 1.3 Objectives of the study It will identify and analyze various instruments of Islamic microfinance that can eliminate poverty effectively than conventional micro financing. It will recognize and analyze the mix of debt and equity based Islamic finance contract; used in providing Islamic micro financial services in Pakistan. It will explore the scope of opportunities for Islamic microfinance in Pakistan. It will discover the challenges that Islamic microfinance could face in Pakistan. 1.4 Importance of the study This  study  highlights the importance of Islamic microfinance to help reduce poverty in Pakistan. As the poor are becoming poorer in Pakistan due to rising inflation and very limited sources of employment, this research will discuss how the Islamic microfinance could help in poverty alleviation, equitable redistribution and employment creation. 1.5 Research Methodology This research study will inquire that how far Islamic microfinance would be helpful in reducing poverty in Pakistan. To substantiate the case for microfinance; the study will analyze five major countries where microfinance is prevalent. Panel data on four variables which include per capita income, education which will be measured through literacy rate, poverty measured through percentage of population living below the poverty line and inequality measured through gini co-efficient will be taken from the selected five countries. The period of study will be different for each country starting from when microfinance started in particular countries to the current period. Secondly, the research will identify and analyze the mix of debt and equity based Islamic finance contract which could be used in providing Islamic micro financial services in Pakistan. For this purpose, specific entrepreneurial activities with investment requirements will be identified and then the ideal Islamic mode to be used in specific entrepreneurial activities with particular investment would be recommended. 1.6 Plan of the study This study consists of five phases. Work in each phase would be reported as a separate chapter. The first chapter of study will cover the introduction which includes the background of the study, Problem statement, Objectives of the study, importance of the study and scope of research. The second chapter will cover the literature review of will the academic and practical progress in Microfinance. The third chapter will discuss the research methodology i.e. the various tools and techniques that will be used to conduct research. The fourth chapter will include the data collection and findings obtained from the analysis of the data collected. The fifth chapter will comprise the research conclusion based on the findings. 1.7 Limits of the study This study on application of Islamic microfinance in poverty alleviation would be useful and provide experiential support to future studies on Islamic microfinance in Pakistan. There exist no full fledge Islamic microfinance bank in Pakistan. Hence, the models and instruments discussed have not been put into practice and empirical analysis of performance will be hard to make. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 What is Microfinance? According to Abedelhamid 1991 (p. 57-64). Microfinance is a set of financial services which provides loans to clients who are excluded from the traditional financial system on account of no or little collateral. In the third world countries, microfinance has become very popular because inflation tends to be high and volatile; government is often incompetent; and the necessary legal framework for financial services is often missing Microfinance is the provision of a broad range of financial services such as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfers, and insurance to poor and low-income households and, their microenterprises. Microfinance services are provided by three types of sources: Formal institutions, such as rural banks and cooperatives; Semiformal institutions, such as nongovernment organizations; and Informal sources such as money lenders and shopkeepers. Institutional microfinance is defined to include microfinance services provided by both formal and semiformal institutions. Microfinance institutions are defined as institutions whose major business is the provision of microfinance services. (Source: Finance for Poor: Microfinance development Strategy, ADB website, 2000) 2.2 History of Microfinance Microfinance history dates back to the mid of the 18th century when the philosopher Lysander Spooner was doing research on the advantages from small loans to entrepreneurs and farmers as a way to get people out of poverty. The economist Timothy Guinnane at Yale had been doing some research on Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen ´s village bank movement which started in 1864 in Germany and by the start of the year 1901 the bank reached 2 million rural farmers. As per Timothy Guinnane explanation it was proved that microcredit could pass the two tests concerning peoples payback moral and the possibility to provide the financial service to poor people. Today, the expression Microfinance has its roots in the 1970s when the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh was established. At that time a new span of microfinance initiatives introduced many new procedures into the sector. Pioneering enterprises started doing experiments with providing credits to the poor people. Increasingly, it was thought that people could be relied on for repayment of their borrowings and it is feasible to provide financial services to underserved people through market based enterprises without subsidy. In 1974, Shore bank was the first microfinance and community development bank founded in Chicago for the first time in USA. (Source: History of micro finance, Global envision website, 2006) Today the World Bank estimates that more than 16 million people are served by some 7000 microfinance institutions all over the world. CGAP experts suggested that about 500 million families benefits from these small loans making new business possible. (Source: Micro facts: Data Snapshots of Microcredit, Global Development Research Centre website, 2008-2009) 2.3 Present Situation and Growth of Microfinance The year 2008 is considered as the beginning of a challenging period for microfinance in a number of countries. The economic and financial crises that reached MFIs and their clients turned calm waters into rough shores for many institutions in the industry. The year 2009 MIX Global 100 Composite Ranking captures the effects of this changing environment, where global growth rates slowed for the first time in years, and many MFIs faced stagnant or rising costs, and in some in ­stances a slow rise in credit risk. Figure: 3 Growth Pattern of Microfinance in all continents Source: MIX Global website, 2009 The 2009 edition of the MIX Global 100, surveyed 955 institutions from nearly 100 countries as illustrated in Table 2. As a group, surveyed institutions represented nearly 85 percent of the known pool of microfinance borrow ­ers, serving 72 million borrowers with 37 billion USD in loans and holding 22 billion USD in deposits from 67 million microfinance clients (Source: MIX Global website, 2009). Table 2:2009 MIX Global 100 Composite Ranking Countries with Most MFIs in Top 100 Country MFIs in Top 100 All Ranked MFIs India 20 51 Ecuador 9 44 Egypt 6 12 Philippines 6 34 Bangladesh 5 9 Cambodia 5 13 Bolivia 4 22 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 13 Armenia 3 7 Mexico 3 27 Morocco 3 5 Dominican Republic 2 2 Jordan 2 6 Mongolia 2 4 Nepal 2 16 Peru 2 54 Serbia 2 4 Vietnam 2 5 Source: MIX Global website, 2009 Microfinance is assured as one of the tools that can decrease as well as eradicate poverty. According to Saefullah (2010) numbers of research have been conducted in order to measure the success of microfinance. The stories of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Indonesian People Bank) in Indonesia, Self-Help Group in India show the extent to which microfinance can eliminate poverty. Obaidullah (2008) has also done research that attempts to identify the glory of microfinance. Table: 3 Poverty Level and Financial Access in Bangladesh, Indonesia and Turkey Source: Islamic Microfinance Development: Challenges and Initiatives, 2008, IRTI, IDB Name of Member Counrty Human Poverty index Rank Income poverty Index Population Below Population in millions No. of poor in millions Financial access percentage (2007) $ 1 a day (%) $ 2 a day (%) Poverty Line Peoples republic of Bangladesh 85 36 82.8 45 147.37 122 32 Republic of Indonesia 41 7.5 52.4 17.8 245.45 128.6 40 Republic of Turkey 21 3.4 18.7 20 70.41 13.2 49 Impact of microfinance in household and community level components According to study of Chowdhury Bhuiya (2004) the wider impacts of BRAC (Bangladesh Rural and Advancement Committee) poverty alleviation program found that there was a positive impact on living standard as the survival rate and schooling of children improved. The Impact of microcredit on borrowers of Grameen Bank by Khandker (2003) illustrate that there was a positive impact on the households poverty reduction that availed the microfinance facility. Latif (2001) in his study on the effects of microcredit on the household saving of Bangladeshi borrowers concluded that saving-income ratio was significantly higher for the customers of microfinance as compared to poor who were not participants of microfinance institutes. Another research conducted by Zaman (2001) on the Impact of microcredit on poverty and vulnerability found that there is positive impact on income and decision making capability of poor using microfinance. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (2001) researched on the Impact of microcredit on savings and informal borrowings discussed that microcredit increased savings and this was more prominent in women than men. Hakim (2000) in the study Impact of microfinance program highlighted the higher social relations and mobility among women clients and the positive impact of microfinance on asset-ownership. Mosley and Hulme (1998) studied the possible conflict between growth and poverty alleviation. Their main finding is that the income and assets of the borrowers had increased due microcredit. Halder (1998) in the research identification of the poorest and the impact of credit on them asserted that the members of BRAC (Bangladesh Rural and Advancement Committee) consumed high calories as compared to non-members. Pitt and Khandaker (1996) explained in their study the Impact of microcredit on borrowers of BRAC, BRDB (Bangladesh Rural Development Board) and Grameen Bank that there was positive impact in women employment, total per capita weekly expenditure and womens non-land assets. Villagers attitude and other behaviors can be changed through credit programs. (The Challenge of Poverty and Mapping out Solutions: Requisite Paradigm Shift from a Problem-Solving and Islamic Perspective Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq) M.A.Hamid (no date) found in his research that from 200 customers of Grameen Bank 46 were willing to join the Islamic bank of Bangladesh limited and one of the three main reasons was that this Islamic bank will provide services of microfinance within the limits of Islamic Shariah and Grameen Bank will not. Microfinance has a very essential role to play in development according to proponents of microfinance. As per UNCDF (2004) studies microfinance plays three vital roles in improvement. First of all it helps needy people to fulfill their basic needs and protect against hazards and is also related with up gradation of household economic welfare and lastly it motivates women by their participation in economy and also encourage equality. Results of a research on monitoring and evaluation of PKSF (Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation) (2005) sponsored microfinance programs shows that absolute poverty decreased by 9% and moderate poverty reduced by 5% through 1997 to 2000. Amin et al. (2003) in his study the Impact of microcredit on clients of Grameen Bank, BRAC and ASA concluded that Microcredit program was successful in reaching poor Objective of microfinance according to Otero (1999) is not just about providing capital to the poor or fight against poverty on an individual level but it also has a responsibility on an institutional level. It seeks to create organizations that can provide their financial services to the poor, who are continuously ignored by the formal sector. According to Littlefield and Rosenberg (2004) study people that are below poverty line are not part of financial services sector of the economy so thats why microfinance institutions have established to provide solution to these issues. MFIs become a major part of financial sector of country by providing these services to poor people and hence it can also access capital markets for the funding of their lending portfolios. (Otero, 1999) The overall collision of microfinance can be analyzed on three things including level, type and its variable. Level defines its depth that on which level it has affected the target market whereas type of impact examines how it has benefited the people along with the impact variables as mentioned in fig. 2. Impact of microfinance on household can be accessed on two levels household and community through its types by considering its different variables. It can be scrutinize through income, education, empowerment and other social things as well. Level s of Impact Types of Impact Impact Variable Economic Variables: Income Household Assets Housing Access to food Human Capital: Education Health Confidence Skills Empowerment Social Capital: Social Networks Social Mobility Household Community Social Economic Figure: 2 Impact of Microfinance in House hold and community level Source: Eoin Wrenn, 2005 2.4 Challenges for Microfinance The achievement in microfinance in the world has been impressive relative to the status in the 1970s. However, a number of major problems remain. 2.4.1Policy development environment for financial sectors programs The policy environment for microfinance in many countries still remains unfavorable for sustainable growth in microfinance operations. For example, in countries such as Peoples Republic of China, Thailand, and Viet Nam, the ceilings on interest rates limit the ability of MFIs to provide increased and continuing access to an increasing segment of the excluded households. 2.4.2Inadequate financial infrastructure It is another major problem in the world. Financial infrastructure includes legal, information, and regulatory and supervisory systems for financial institutions and markets. Most governments have not focused to build financial infrastructure that supports, strengthens, and ensures the sustainability of such institutions or programs and promotes participation of private sector institutions in microfinance. The other major financial infrastructure-related problems include lack of: A legal framework conducive for emergence and sustainable growth of small-scale financial institutions, Regulatory and supervisory systems for microfinance in countries where the microfinance subsector is approaching a level of maturity, and Emphasis on development of accounting and auditing practices and professions 2.4.3Limitation of retail level institutional capacity Most retail level institutions do not have adequate capacity to expand the scope and outreach of services on a sustainable basis to most of the potential clients. Lack capacity to leverage funds, Are unable to provide a range of products and services compatible with the potential clients characteristics. Do not have an adequate network. (Source: Finance for Poor: Microfinance development Strategy, ADB website, 2000) 2.5 Islamic Microfinance According to Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani( no date) , from years Muslims are trying to frame their style of living according to Islam thats why they restrict themselves within the limits of Shariah which on the basis of Islam prohibits the practice of Riba or interest in any of the financial or trade activities. According to Dr. Abbas Mirakhor, Executive Director of the IMF as referred by Chaudhri (2006) An important function of Islamic finance that is seldom noted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is the ability of Islamic finance to provide the vehicle for financial and economic empowerment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to convert dead capital into income generating assets to financially and economically empower the poor Islamic Microfinance is the way of financing to the underserved population without using the concept of interest. Microfinance is already more structurally aligned to applying Islamic equity financing structures. As microfinance programs are based on group sharing of risk and personal guarantee while maintenance of trust and honesty is tied to the availability of future funds. 2.5.1 Importance of Islamic Microfinance In his famous book Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that participation in religious sects could potentially convey two economic advantages to adherents. The first could be seen as a reputational signal while the poor might look alike to potential employers, lenders, and customers, membership in a specific group could convey a reduction in risk associated with the particular individual and ultimately improve the efficient allocation of resources. Second, religious groups could also provide for extra-legal means of establishing trust and sanctioning miscreants in intra group transactions, again reducing uncertainty and improving efficiency, especially where civil remedies for failure to uphold contracts were weak. (Case study: Islamic microfinance and socially responsible investment Anderson and Noland, 1988). Islamic finance techniques could give thousands of entrepreneurial poor the access to microfinance an option they might not consider if traditional, interest-based commercial loans were offered. More experimentation and practice in the field should contribute to more knowledge and a better understanding of effective loan delivery mechanisms using Islamic banking principles (Muhammad Ramzan, 1996). 2.5.2 Islamic approach to poverty alleviation All principles or laws in Islam owe their origin to its holy book the Quran and the sayings and deeds of its Prophet (peace be upon him) encapsulated in books of Hadith. A saying of the Prophet (peace be upon him) forcefully drives home the central message of Islam regarding poverty: Poverty is almost like disbelief in God.. On another occasion, the Prophet (peace be upon him) is reported to have said Allah! I seek refuge with you from the affliction of poverty (Soruce: Sahih Bukhari: read, study, search online Volume 8, Book 75, Number 379). Islam views poverty to be a curse to be eradicated through productive efforts. Poverty is in conflict with enrichment of self (nafs), which is one of the primary objectives (maqasid) of Shariah. Islamic jurists have unanimously held the view that it is the collective obligation (fardkifayah) of a Muslim society to take care of the basic needs of the poor. (Obaidullah, Muhammed (2008) 2.5.2.1Charity Charity occupies a central position in the Islamic scheme of poverty alleviation. The broad term for charity in Islam is Sadaqa. When compulsorily mandated on an eligible Muslim, Sadaqa is called Zakah. When Sadaqa results in flow of benefits that are expected to be stable and permanent (such as, through endowment of a physical property), it is called Sadaq-e-jariya or Waqf. Establish Prayer and dispense the Purifying Alms (Zakat) and bow in worship with those who bow (Al-Quran, (2:43)) The research paper by Professor Habib Ahmed (no date) asserts that Zakah play an important role in eliminating poverty and a significant impact of Zakah can be seen if the macroeconomic policies are in the alignment with poverty reduction objective. Zakah is the third among five pillars of Islam and payment of zakah is an obligation on the wealth and production of every Muslim. The primary issue with a zakah or sadaqa-based solution to the challenge of poverty is the issue of sustainability. Funds mobilized through these tools tend to fluctuate from time to time and may not lend themselves to careful planning and implementation. Further, these funds are meant mostly for the extremely poor and function as a safety net for meeting their immediate and basic needs. Benefits from waqf, assets are of course, meant to flow to the community at large and also on a sustainable basis (M U Chapra, 2008).It has been In FY 2009, approximately Rupees 150 billion were paid by people in Pakistan in charity, of which 90 percent was for the purpose of paying Zakat. (Dawn, September, 7, 2009) According to Dr Mohammad Omar Farooq people when pay Zakah should be concerned with its impact on the society in the long or short term to get the solutions for poverty alleviation. In another research conducted by Nafis Alam (no date) states in his study Islamic venture philanthropy: a tool for community development that Islamic charities are significant influential tool for sustainable community development. 2.5.3 Islamic Microfinance Products Islamic approach to poverty alleviation is a composite of a mission based and market-based interventions. Islamic Microfinance need not be restricted to not-for-profit modes alone. Islam permits for-profit trade and creation of wealth. It depends on the customer that what he/she wants to do with the money either needs just security of the money against which he/she may not claim the profit or wants to invest the money and share both profit and loss. The poor need a range of microfinance services, such as, micro-savings, micro-credit, micro-equity, micro-Takaful and micro-remittance. In the context of mainstream Islamic finance, people come across a host of for-profit modes through which such services may be provided to the poor. These could be used for microfinance with minor modifications wherever needed (Obaidullah, 2008). Micro-Savings Micro-savings is a critical financial service for poor and excluded households. Poor people want secure, convenient deposit services that allow for small balances and transactions and offer easy access to their funds. However, microfinance institutions across the globe tend to neglect this product while giving undue importance to micro-credit. The contract underlying a savings product must be free from elements of Riba and Gharar. This constitutes one of the most well known Islamic products, consisting in a cost-plus profit financing transaction in which a tangible asset is purchased by an Islamic institution at the request of its customer from a supplier. The Islamic institution then sells the asset to its customer on a deferred sale basis with a markup reflecting the institutions profit Various contractual options for designing savings products are: wadia, qard hasan and Mudarabah (Obaidullah, 2008). Micro-Credit The Islamic alternative to interest-based conventional loan is trade based or lease-based credit that permits the ownership and/or use of commodities or physical assets needed for productive ente